Private Pilot Study Plan

Knowledge

• PA.I.A.K1Certification requirements, recent flight experience, and recordkeeping.
• PA.I.A.K2Privileges and limitations.
• PA.I.A.K3Medical certificates: class, expiration, privileges, temporary disqualifications.
• PA.I.A.K4Documents required to exercise private pilot privileges.
• PA.I.A.K5Part 68 BasicMed privileges and limitations.

Risk management

• PA.I.A.R1Proficiency versus currency.
• PA.I.A.R2Flying unfamiliar aircraft or operating with unfamiliar flight display systems and avionics.

Skills

• PA.I.A.S1Apply requirements to act as pilot-in-command (PIC) under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) in a scenario given by the evaluator.

Knowledge

• PA.I.B.K1General airworthiness requirements and compliance for airplanes, including:
• PA.I.B.K1aa. Location and expiration dates of required aircraft certificates
• PA.I.B.K1bb. Required inspections and airplane logbook documentation
• PA.I.B.K1cc. Airworthiness Directives and Special Airworthiness Information Bulletins
• PA.I.B.K1dd. Purpose and procedure for obtaining a special flight permit
• PA.I.B.K1ee. Owner/Operator and pilot-in-command responsibilities
• PA.I.B.K2Pilot-performed preventive maintenance.
• PA.I.B.K3Equipment requirements for day and night VFR flight, including:
• PA.I.B.K3aa. Flying with inoperative equipment
• PA.I.B.K3bb. Using an approved Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
• PA.I.B.K3cc. Kinds of Operation Equipment List (KOEL)
• PA.I.B.K3dd. Required discrepancy records or placards
• PA.I.B.K4Standard and special airworthiness certificates and their associated operational limitations.

Risk management

• PA.I.B.R1Inoperative equipment discovered prior to flight.

Skills

• PA.I.B.S1Locate and describe airplane airworthiness and registration information.
• PA.I.B.S2Determine the airplane is airworthy in the scenario given by the evaluator.
• PA.I.B.S3Apply appropriate procedures for operating with inoperative equipment in the scenario given by the evaluator.

Knowledge

• PA.I.C.K1Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes.
• PA.I.C.K2Acceptable weather products and resources required for preflight planning, current and forecast weather for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight such as:
• PA.I.C.K2aa. Airport Observations (METAR and SPECI) and Pilot Observations (PIREP)
• PA.I.C.K2bb. Surface Analysis Chart, Ceiling and Visibility Chart (CVA)
• PA.I.C.K2cc. Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)
• PA.I.C.K2dd. Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA)
• PA.I.C.K2ee. Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB)
• PA.I.C.K2ff. Convective Outlook (AC)
• PA.I.C.K2gg. Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories including Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET), Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET), and Convective SIGMET
• PA.I.C.K3Meteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination under visual flight rules (VFR) in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC), including expected climate and hazardous conditions such as:
• PA.I.C.K3aa. Atmospheric composition and stability
• PA.I.C.K3bb. Wind (e.g., windshear, mountain wave, factors affecting wind, etc.)
• PA.I.C.K3cc. Temperature and heat exchange
• PA.I.C.K3dd. Moisture/precipitation
• PA.I.C.K3ee. Weather system formation, including air masses and fronts
• PA.I.C.K3ff. Clouds
• PA.I.C.K3gg. Turbulence
• PA.I.C.K3hh. Thunderstorms and microbursts
• PA.I.C.K3ii. Icing and freezing level information
• PA.I.C.K3jj. Fog/mist
• PA.I.C.K3kk. Frost
• PA.I.C.K3ll. Obstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke, haze, volcanic ash, etc.)
• PA.I.C.K4Flight deck instrument displays of digital weather and aeronautical information.

Risk management

• PA.I.C.R1Making the go/no-go and continue/divert decisions, including:
• PA.I.C.R1aa. Circumstances that would make diversion prudent
• PA.I.C.R1bb. Personal weather minimums
• PA.I.C.R1cc. Hazardous weather conditions, including known or forecast icing or turbulence aloft
• PA.I.C.R2Use and limitations of:
• PA.I.C.R2aa. Installed onboard weather equipment
• PA.I.C.R2bb. Aviation weather reports and forecasts
• PA.I.C.R2cc. Inflight weather resources

Skills

• PA.I.C.S1Use available aviation weather resources to obtain an adequate weather briefing.
• PA.I.C.S2Analyze the implications of at least three of the conditions listed in K3a through K3l, using actual weather or weather conditions provided by the evaluator.
• PA.I.C.S3Correlate weather information to make a go/no-go decision.

Knowledge

• PA.I.D.K1Route planning, including consideration of different classes and special use airspace (SUA) and selection of appropriate and available navigation/communication systems and facilities.
• PA.I.D.K1aa. Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used
• PA.I.D.K2Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, glide distance of airplane, VFR cruising altitudes, and effect of wind.
• PA.I.D.K3Calculating:
• PA.I.D.K3aa. Time, climb and descent rates, course, distance, heading, true airspeed, and groundspeed
• PA.I.D.K3bb. Estimated time of arrival, including conversion to universal coordinated time (UTC)
• PA.I.D.K3cc. Fuel requirements, including reserve
• PA.I.D.K4Elements of a VFR flight plan.
• PA.I.D.K5Procedures for filing, activating, and closing a VFR flight plan.
• PA.I.D.K6Inflight intercept procedures.

Risk management

• PA.I.D.R1Pilot.
• PA.I.D.R2Aircraft.
• PA.I.D.R3Environment (e.g., weather, airports, airspace, terrain, obstacles).
• PA.I.D.R4External pressures.
• PA.I.D.R5Limitations of air traffic control (ATC) services.
• PA.I.D.R6Fuel planning.
• PA.I.D.R7Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.

Skills

• PA.I.D.S1Prepare, present, and explain a cross-country flight plan assigned by the evaluator, including a risk analysis based on real-time weather, to the first fuel stop.
• PA.I.D.S2Apply pertinent information from appropriate and current aeronautical charts, Chart Supplements; Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs) relative to airport, runway and taxiway closures; and other flight publications.
• PA.I.D.S3Create a navigation plan and simulate filing a VFR flight plan.
• PA.I.D.S4Recalculate fuel reserves based on a scenario provided by the evaluator.
• PA.I.D.S5Use an electronic flight bag (EFB), if applicable.

Knowledge

• PA.I.E.K1Airspace classes and associated requirements and limitations.
• PA.I.E.K2Chart symbols.
• PA.I.E.K3Special use airspace (SUA), special flight rules areas (SFRA), temporary flight restrictions (TFR), and other airspace areas.
• PA.I.E.K4Special visual flight rules (VFR) requirements.

Risk management

• PA.I.E.R1Various classes and types of airspace.

Skills

• PA.I.E.S1Identify and comply with the requirements for basic VFR weather minimums and flying in particular classes of airspace.
• PA.I.E.S2Correctly identify airspace and operate in accordance with associated communication and equipment requirements.
• PA.I.E.S3Identify the requirements for operating in SUA or within a TFR. Identify and comply with special air traffic rules (SATR) and SFRA operations, if applicable.

Knowledge

• PA.I.F.K1Elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance.
• PA.I.F.K2Factors affecting performance, including:
• PA.I.F.K2aa. Atmospheric conditions
• PA.I.F.K2bb. Pilot technique
• PA.I.F.K2cc. Airplane configuration
• PA.I.F.K2dd. Airport environment
• PA.I.F.K2ee. Loading [e.g., center of gravity (CG)]
• PA.I.F.K2ff. Weight and balance
• PA.I.F.K3Aerodynamics.

Risk management

• PA.I.F.R1Use of performance charts, tables, and data.
• PA.I.F.R2Airplane limitations.
• PA.I.F.R3Possible differences between calculated performance and actual performance.

Skills

• PA.I.F.S1Compute the weight and balance, correct out-of-CG loading errors and determine if the weight and balance remains within limits during all phases of flight.
• PA.I.F.S2Use the appropriate airplane performance charts, tables, and data.

Knowledge

• PA.I.G.K1Airplane systems, including:
• PA.I.G.K1aa. Primary flight controls
• PA.I.G.K1bb. Secondary flight controls
• PA.I.G.K1cc. Powerplant and propeller
• PA.I.G.K1dd. Landing gear
• PA.I.G.K1ee. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic
• PA.I.G.K1ff. Electrical
• PA.I.G.K1gg. Avionics
• PA.I.G.K1hh. Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instruments
• PA.I.G.K1ii. Environmental
• PA.I.G.K1jj. Deicing and anti-icing
• PA.I.G.K1kk. Water rudders (ASES, AMES)
• PA.I.G.K1ll. Oxygen system
• PA.I.G.K2Indications of and procedures for managing system abnormalities or failures.

Risk management

• PA.I.G.R1Detection of system malfunctions or failures.
• PA.I.G.R2Management of a system failure.
• PA.I.G.R3Monitoring and management of automated systems.

Skills

• PA.I.G.S1Operate at least three of the systems listed in K1a through K1l appropriately.
• PA.I.G.S2Complete the appropriate checklist(s).

Knowledge

• PA.I.H.K1Symptoms, recognition, causes, effects, and corrective actions associated with aeromedical and physiological issues, including:
• PA.I.H.K1aa. Hypoxia
• PA.I.H.K1bb. Hyperventilation
• PA.I.H.K1cc. Middle ear and sinus problems
• PA.I.H.K1dd. Spatial disorientation
• PA.I.H.K1ee. Motion sickness
• PA.I.H.K1ff. Carbon monoxide poisoning
• PA.I.H.K1gg. Stress
• PA.I.H.K1hh. Fatigue
• PA.I.H.K1ii. Dehydration and nutrition
• PA.I.H.K1jj. Hypothermia
• PA.I.H.K1kk. Optical illusions
• PA.I.H.K1ll. Dissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream after scuba dives
• PA.I.H.K2Regulations regarding use of alcohol and drugs.
• PA.I.H.K3Effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications.
• PA.I.H.K4Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) to include using Crew Resource Management (CRM) or Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM), as appropriate.

Risk management

• PA.I.H.R1Aeromedical and physiological issues.
• PA.I.H.R2Hazardous attitudes.
• PA.I.H.R3Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.I.H.R4Confirmation and expectation bias.

Skills

• PA.I.H.S1Associate the symptoms and effects for at least three of the conditions listed in K1a through K1l with the cause(s) and corrective action(s).
• PA.I.H.S2Perform self-assessment, including fitness for flight and personal minimums, for actual flight or a scenario given by the evaluator.

Knowledge

• PA.II.A.K1Pilot self-assessment.
• PA.II.A.K2Determining that the airplane to be used is appropriate and airworthy.
• PA.II.A.K3Airplane preflight inspection, including:
• PA.II.A.K3aa. Which items should be inspected
• PA.II.A.K3bb. The reasons for checking each item
• PA.II.A.K3cc. How to detect possible defects
• PA.II.A.K3dd. The associated regulations
• PA.II.A.K4Environmental factors, including weather, terrain, route selection, and obstructions.

Risk management

• PA.II.A.R1Pilot.
• PA.II.A.R2Aircraft.
• PA.II.A.R3Environment (e.g., weather, airports, airspace, terrain, obstacles).
• PA.II.A.R4External pressures.
• PA.II.A.R5Aviation security concerns.

Skills

• PA.II.A.S1Inspect the airplane with reference to an appropriate checklist.
• PA.II.A.S2Verify the airplane is in condition for safe flight and conforms to its type design.
• PA.II.A.S3Perform self-assessment.
• PA.II.A.S4Continue to assess the environment for safe flight.

Knowledge

• PA.II.B.K1Passenger briefing requirements, including operation and required use of safety restraint systems.
• PA.II.B.K2Use of appropriate checklists.
• PA.II.B.K3Requirements for current and appropriate navigation data.
• PA.II.B.K4Securing items and cargo.

Risk management

• PA.II.B.R1Use of systems or equipment, including automation and portable electronic devices.
• PA.II.B.R2Inoperative equipment.
• PA.II.B.R3Passenger distractions.

Skills

• PA.II.B.S1Secure all items in the aircraft.
• PA.II.B.S2Conduct an appropriate passenger briefing, including identifying the pilot-in-command (PIC), use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, doors, passenger conduct, sterile aircraft, propeller blade avoidance, and emergency procedures.
• PA.II.B.S3Properly program and manage the aircraft’s automation, as applicable.
• PA.II.B.S4Appropriately manage risks by utilizing ADM, including SRM/CRM.

Knowledge

• PA.II.C.K1Starting under various conditions.
• PA.II.C.K2Starting the engine(s) by use of external power.
• PA.II.C.K3Limitations associated with starting.
• PA.II.C.K4Conditions leading to and procedures for an aborted start.

Risk management

• PA.II.C.R1Propeller safety.

Skills

• PA.II.C.S1Position the airplane properly considering structures, other aircraft, wind, and the safety of nearby persons and property.
• PA.II.C.S2Complete the appropriate checklist(s).

Knowledge

• PA.II.D.K1Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs).
• PA.II.D.K2Taxi instructions/clearances.
• PA.II.D.K3Airport markings, signs, and lights.
• PA.II.D.K4Visual indicators for wind.
• PA.II.D.K5Aircraft lighting, as appropriate.
• PA.II.D.K6Procedures for:
• PA.II.D.K6aa. Appropriate flight deck activities prior to taxi, including route planning and identifying the location of Hot Spots
• PA.II.D.K6bb. Radio communications at towered and nontowered airports
• PA.II.D.K6cc. Entering or crossing runways
• PA.II.D.K6dd. Night taxi operations
• PA.II.D.K6ee. Low visibility taxi operations

Risk management

• PA.II.D.R1Activities and distractions.
• PA.II.D.R2Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.
• PA.II.D.R3A taxi route or departure runway change.
• PA.II.D.R4Runway incursion.

Skills

• PA.II.D.S1Receive and correctly read back clearances/instructions, if applicable.
• PA.II.D.S2Use an airport diagram or taxi chart during taxi, if published, and maintain situational awareness.
• PA.II.D.S3Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
• PA.II.D.S4Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
• PA.II.D.S5Perform a brake check immediately after the airplane begins moving.
• PA.II.D.S6Maintain positive control of the airplane during ground operations by controlling direction and speed without excessive use of brakes.
• PA.II.D.S7Comply with airport/taxiway markings, signals, and air traffic control (ATC) clearances and instructions.
• PA.II.D.S8Position the airplane properly relative to hold lines.

Knowledge

• PA.II.F.K1Purpose of before takeoff checklist items, including:
• PA.II.F.K1aa. Reasons for checking each item
• PA.II.F.K1bb. Detecting malfunctions
• PA.II.F.K1cc. Ensuring the aircraft is in safe operating condition as recommended by the manufacturer

Risk management

• PA.II.F.R1Division of attention while conducting before takeoff checks.
• PA.II.F.R2Unexpected runway changes by air traffic control (ATC).
• PA.II.F.R3Wake turbulence.
• PA.II.F.R4Potential powerplant failure during takeoff or other malfunction considering operational factors such as airplane characteristics, runway/takeoff path length, surface conditions, environmental conditions, and obstructions.

Skills

• PA.II.F.S1Review takeoff performance.
• PA.II.F.S2Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
• PA.II.F.S3Position the airplane appropriately considering wind direction and the presence of any aircraft, vessels, or buildings as applicable.
• PA.II.F.S4Divide attention inside and outside the flight deck.
• PA.II.F.S5Verify that engine parameters and airplane configuration are suitable.

Knowledge

• PA.III.A.K1How to obtain appropriate radio frequencies.
• PA.III.A.K2Proper radio communication procedures and air traffic control (ATC) phraseology.
• PA.III.A.K3ATC light signal recognition.
• PA.III.A.K4Appropriate use of transponder(s).
• PA.III.A.K5Lost communication procedures.
• PA.III.A.K6Equipment issues that could cause loss of communication.
• PA.III.A.K7Radar assistance.
• PA.III.A.K8National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident/incident reporting.
• PA.III.A.K9Runway Status Lighting Systems.

Risk management

• PA.III.A.R1Communication.
• PA.III.A.R2Deciding if and when to declare an emergency.
• PA.III.A.R3[Archived]
• PA.III.A.R4Use of non-standard phraseology.

Skills

• PA.III.A.S1Select and activate appropriate frequencies.
• PA.III.A.S2Transmit using standard phraseology and procedures as specified in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) and Pilot/Controller Glossary.
• PA.III.A.S3Acknowledge radio communications and comply with ATC instructions or as directed by the evaluator.

Knowledge

• PA.III.B.K1Towered and nontowered airport operations.
• PA.III.B.K2Traffic pattern selection for the current conditions.
• PA.III.B.K3Right-of-way rules.
• PA.III.B.K4Use of automated weather and airport information.

Risk management

• PA.III.B.R1Collision hazards.
• PA.III.B.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.III.B.R3Windshear and wake turbulence.

Skills

• PA.III.B.S1Identify and interpret airport/seaplane base runways, taxiways, markings, signs, and lighting.
• PA.III.B.S2Comply with recommended traffic pattern procedures.
• PA.III.B.S3Correct for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track.
• PA.III.B.S4Maintain orientation with the runway/landing area in use.
• PA.III.B.S5Maintain traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots.
• PA.III.B.S6Maintain situational awareness and proper spacing from other aircraft in the traffic pattern.

Knowledge

• PA.IV.A.K1Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
• PA.IV.A.K2Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
• PA.IV.A.K3Appropriate airplane configuration.

Risk management

• PA.IV.A.R1Selection of runway or takeoff path based on aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
• PA.IV.A.R2Effects of:
• PA.IV.A.R2aa. Crosswind
• PA.IV.A.R2bb. Windshear
• PA.IV.A.R2cc. Tailwind
• PA.IV.A.R2dd. Wake turbulence
• PA.IV.A.R2ee. Takeoff surface/condition
• PA.IV.A.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:
• PA.IV.A.R3aa. Rejected takeoff
• PA.IV.A.R3bb. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
• PA.IV.A.R4Collision hazards.
• PA.IV.A.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
• PA.IV.A.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.IV.A.R7Runway incursion.

Skills

• PA.IV.A.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
• PA.IV.A.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.
• PA.IV.A.S3Verify assigned/correct runway or takeoff path.
• PA.IV.A.S4Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
• PA.IV.A.S5Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
• PA.IV.A.S6Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, and align the airplane on the runway centerline (ASEL, AMEL) or takeoff path (ASES, AMES).
• PA.IV.A.S6aa. Retract the water rudders, as appropriate (ASES, AMES)
• PA.IV.A.S7Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.
• PA.IV.A.S7aa. Establish and maintain the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude, and correct for porpoising or skipping (ASES, AMES)
• PA.IV.A.S8Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s) (ASES, AMES).
• PA.IV.A.S9Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerate to VY.
• PA.IV.A.S10[Archived]
• PA.IV.A.S11Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the manufacturer’s recommended speed or VY, +10/-5 knots.
• PA.IV.A.S12Configure the airplane in accordance with manufacturer’s guidance.
• PA.IV.A.S13Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
• PA.IV.A.S14Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
• PA.IV.A.S15Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.

Knowledge

• PA.IV.B.K1A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
• PA.IV.B.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
• PA.IV.B.K3Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.

Risk management

• PA.IV.B.R1Selection of runway/landing surface, approach path, and touchdown area based on pilot capability, aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
• PA.IV.B.R2Effects of:
• PA.IV.B.R2aa. Crosswind
• PA.IV.B.R2bb. Windshear
• PA.IV.B.R2cc. Tailwind
• PA.IV.B.R2dd. Wake turbulence
• PA.IV.B.R2ee. Landing surface/condition
• PA.IV.B.R3Planning for:
• PA.IV.B.R3aa. Rejected landing and go-around
• PA.IV.B.R3bb. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
• PA.IV.B.R4Collision hazards.
• PA.IV.B.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
• PA.IV.B.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Skills

• PA.IV.B.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
• PA.IV.B.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.
• PA.IV.B.S3Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway or landing surface.
• PA.IV.B.S4Scan the runway or landing surface and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
• PA.IV.B.S5Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
• PA.IV.B.S6Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
• PA.IV.B.S7Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 times the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration (VSO), +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
• PA.IV.B.S8Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
• PA.IV.B.S9Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during round out and touchdown.
• PA.IV.B.S10Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 400 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path.
• PA.IV.B.S11Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
• PA.IV.B.S12Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.

Knowledge

• PA.IV.C.K1Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
• PA.IV.C.K2Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
• PA.IV.C.K3Appropriate airplane configuration.
• PA.IV.C.K4Ground effect.
• PA.IV.C.K5Importance of weight transfer from wheels to wings.
• PA.IV.C.K6Left turning tendencies.

Risk management

• PA.IV.C.R1Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
• PA.IV.C.R2Effects of:
• PA.IV.C.R2aa. Crosswind
• PA.IV.C.R2bb. Windshear
• PA.IV.C.R2cc. Tailwind
• PA.IV.C.R2dd. Wake turbulence
• PA.IV.C.R2ee. Takeoff surface/condition
• PA.IV.C.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:
• PA.IV.C.R3aa. Rejected takeoff
• PA.IV.C.R3bb. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
• PA.IV.C.R4Collision hazards.
• PA.IV.C.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
• PA.IV.C.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Skills

• PA.IV.C.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
• PA.IV.C.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.
• PA.IV.C.S3Verify assigned/correct runway.
• PA.IV.C.S4Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
• PA.IV.C.S5Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
• PA.IV.C.S6Clear the area, maintain necessary flight control inputs, taxi into takeoff position and align the airplane on the runway centerline without stopping, while advancing the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.
• PA.IV.C.S7Confirm takeoff power and proper engine and flight instrument indications.
• PA.IV.C.S8Establish and maintain a pitch attitude that transfers the weight of the airplane from the wheels to the wings as rapidly as possible.
• PA.IV.C.S9Lift off at the lowest possible airspeed and remain in ground effect while accelerating to VX or VY, as appropriate.
• PA.IV.C.S10Establish a pitch attitude for VX or VY, as appropriate, and maintain selected airspeed +10/-5 knots during the climb.
• PA.IV.C.S11Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s instructions.
• PA.IV.C.S12Maintain VX or VY, as appropriate, +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
• PA.IV.C.S13Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
• PA.IV.C.S14Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.

Knowledge

• PA.IV.D.K1A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
• PA.IV.D.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
• PA.IV.D.K3Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.

Risk management

• PA.IV.D.R1Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
• PA.IV.D.R2Effects of:
• PA.IV.D.R2aa. Crosswind
• PA.IV.D.R2bb. Windshear
• PA.IV.D.R2cc. Tailwind
• PA.IV.D.R2dd. Wake turbulence
• PA.IV.D.R2ee. Landing surface/condition
• PA.IV.D.R3Planning for:
• PA.IV.D.R3aa. Rejected landing and go-around
• PA.IV.D.R3bb. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
• PA.IV.D.R4Collision hazards.
• PA.IV.D.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
• PA.IV.D.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Skills

• PA.IV.D.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
• PA.IV.D.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.
• PA.IV.D.S3Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway.
• PA.IV.D.S4Scan the landing runway and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
• PA.IV.D.S5Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
• PA.IV.D.S6Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
• PA.IV.D.S7Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
• PA.IV.D.S8Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
• PA.IV.D.S9Make smooth, timely, and correct control inputs during the round out and touchdown, and, for tricycle gear airplanes, keep the nose wheel off the surface until loss of elevator effectiveness.
• PA.IV.D.S10Touch down at a proper pitch attitude with minimum sink rate, no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with the center of the runway.
• PA.IV.D.S11Maintain elevator as recommended by manufacturer during rollout and exit the “soft” area at a speed that would preclude sinking into the surface.
• PA.IV.D.S12Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
• PA.IV.D.S13Maintain proper position of the flight controls and sufficient speed to taxi while on the soft surface.

Knowledge

• PA.IV.E.K1Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
• PA.IV.E.K2Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
• PA.IV.E.K3Appropriate airplane configuration.

Risk management

• PA.IV.E.R1Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
• PA.IV.E.R2Effects of:
• PA.IV.E.R2aa. Crosswind
• PA.IV.E.R2bb. Windshear
• PA.IV.E.R2cc. Tailwind
• PA.IV.E.R2dd. Wake turbulence
• PA.IV.E.R2ee. Takeoff surface/condition
• PA.IV.E.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:
• PA.IV.E.R3aa. Rejected takeoff
• PA.IV.E.R3bb. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
• PA.IV.E.R4Collision hazards.
• PA.IV.E.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
• PA.IV.E.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Skills

• PA.IV.E.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
• PA.IV.E.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.
• PA.IV.E.S3Verify assigned/correct runway.
• PA.IV.E.S4Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
• PA.IV.E.S5Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
• PA.IV.E.S6Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, and align the airplane on the runway centerline utilizing maximum available takeoff area.
• PA.IV.E.S7Apply brakes while setting engine power to achieve maximum performance.
• PA.IV.E.S8Confirm takeoff power prior to brake release and verify proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.
• PA.IV.E.S9Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerate to the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots.
• PA.IV.E.S10Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots until the obstacle is cleared or until the airplane is 50 feet above the surface.
• PA.IV.E.S11Establish a pitch attitude for VY and accelerate to VY +10/-5 knots after clearing the obstacle or at 50 feet AGL if simulating an obstacle.
• PA.IV.E.S12Configure the airplane in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidance after a positive rate of climb has been verified.
• PA.IV.E.S13Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
• PA.IV.E.S14Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
• PA.IV.E.S15Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.

Knowledge

• PA.IV.F.K1A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
• PA.IV.F.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
• PA.IV.F.K3Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.

Risk management

• PA.IV.F.R1Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
• PA.IV.F.R2Effects of:
• PA.IV.F.R2aa. Crosswind
• PA.IV.F.R2bb. Windshear
• PA.IV.F.R2cc. Tailwind
• PA.IV.F.R2dd. Wake turbulence
• PA.IV.F.R2ee. Landing surface/condition
• PA.IV.F.R3Planning for:
• PA.IV.F.R3aa. Rejected landing and go-around
• PA.IV.F.R3bb. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
• PA.IV.F.R4Collision hazards.
• PA.IV.F.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
• PA.IV.F.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Skills

• PA.IV.F.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
• PA.IV.F.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.
• PA.IV.F.S3Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway.
• PA.IV.F.S4Scan the landing runway and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
• PA.IV.F.S5Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
• PA.IV.F.S6Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
• PA.IV.F.S7Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
• PA.IV.F.S8Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
• PA.IV.F.S9Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown.
• PA.IV.F.S10Touch down at a proper pitch attitude within 200 feet beyond or on the specified point, threshold markings, or runway numbers, with no side drift, minimum float, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.
• PA.IV.F.S11Use manufacturer’s recommended procedures for airplane configuration and braking.
• PA.IV.F.S12Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
• PA.IV.F.S13Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.

Knowledge

• PA.IV.M.K1Concepts of energy management during a forward slip approach.
• PA.IV.M.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
• PA.IV.M.K3Wind correction techniques during forward slip.
• PA.IV.M.K4When and why a forward slip approach is used during an approach.

Risk management

• PA.IV.M.R1Selection of runway/landing surface, approach path, and touchdown area based on pilot capability, aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
• PA.IV.M.R2Effects of:
• PA.IV.M.R2aa. Crosswind
• PA.IV.M.R2bb. Windshear
• PA.IV.M.R2cc. Tailwind
• PA.IV.M.R2dd. Wake turbulence
• PA.IV.M.R2ee. Landing surface/condition
• PA.IV.M.R3Planning for:
• PA.IV.M.R3aa. Rejected landing and go-around
• PA.IV.M.R3bb. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
• PA.IV.M.R4Collision hazards.
• PA.IV.M.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
• PA.IV.M.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.IV.M.R7Forward slip operations, including fuel flowage, tail stalls with flaps, and airspeed control.
• PA.IV.M.R8Surface contact with the airplane’s longitudinal axis misaligned.
• PA.IV.M.R9Unstable approach.

Skills

• PA.IV.M.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
• PA.IV.M.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.
• PA.IV.M.S3Plan and follow a flightpath to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.
• PA.IV.M.S4Select the most suitable touchdown point based on wind, landing surface, obstructions, and airplane limitations.
• PA.IV.M.S5Position airplane on downwind leg, parallel to landing runway or selected landing surface.
• PA.IV.M.S6Configure the airplane correctly.
• PA.IV.M.S7As necessary, correlate crosswind with direction of forward slip and transition to side slip before touchdown.
• PA.IV.M.S8Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 400 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path.
• PA.IV.M.S9Maintain a ground track aligned with the runway center/landing path.

Knowledge

• PA.IV.N.K1A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
• PA.IV.N.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind and density altitude, on a go-around or rejected landing.
• PA.IV.N.K3Wind correction techniques on takeoff/departure and approach/landing.

Risk management

• PA.IV.N.R1Delayed recognition of the need for a go-around/rejected landing.
• PA.IV.N.R2Delayed performance of a go-around at low altitude.
• PA.IV.N.R3Power application.
• PA.IV.N.R4Configuring the airplane.
• PA.IV.N.R5Collision hazards.
• PA.IV.N.R6Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
• PA.IV.N.R7Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.IV.N.R8Runway incursion.
• PA.IV.N.R9Managing a go-around/rejected landing after accepting a LAHSO clearance.

Skills

• PA.IV.N.S1Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
• PA.IV.N.S2Make radio calls as appropriate.
• PA.IV.N.S3Make a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.
• PA.IV.N.S4Apply takeoff power immediately and transition to climb pitch attitude for VX or VY as appropriate +10/-5 knots.
• PA.IV.N.S5Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s instructions.
• PA.IV.N.S6Maneuver to the side of the runway/landing area when necessary to clear and avoid conflicting traffic.
• PA.IV.N.S7Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
• PA.IV.N.S8Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the climb.
• PA.IV.N.S9Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.

Knowledge

• PA.V.A.K1How to conduct a proper steep turn.
• PA.V.A.K2Aerodynamics associated with steep turns, including:
• PA.V.A.K2aa. Maintaining coordinated flight
• PA.V.A.K2bb. Overbanking tendencies
• PA.V.A.K2cc. Maneuvering speed, including the impact of weight changes
• PA.V.A.K2dd. Load factor and accelerated stalls
• PA.V.A.K2ee. Rate and radius of turn

Risk management

• PA.V.A.R1Division of attention between aircraft control and orientation.
• PA.V.A.R2Collision hazards.
• PA.V.A.R3Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
• PA.V.A.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.V.A.R5Uncoordinated flight.

Skills

• PA.V.A.S1Clear the area.
• PA.V.A.S2Establish the manufacturer's recommended airspeed; or if one is not available, an airspeed not to exceed the maneuvering speed (VA).
• PA.V.A.S3Roll into a coordinated 360° steep turn with approximately a 45° bank.
• PA.V.A.S4Perform the Task in the opposite direction, as specified by evaluator.
• PA.V.A.S5Maintain the entry altitude ±100 feet, airspeed ±10 knots, bank ±5°, and roll out on the entry heading ±10°.

Knowledge

• PA.V.B.K1Purpose of ground reference maneuvers.
• PA.V.B.K2Effects of wind on ground track and relation to a ground reference.
• PA.V.B.K3Effects of bank angle and groundspeed on rate and radius of turn.
• PA.V.B.K4Relationship of rectangular course to airport traffic pattern.

Risk management

• PA.V.B.R1Division of attention between aircraft control and orientation.
• PA.V.B.R2Collision hazards.
• PA.V.B.R3Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
• PA.V.B.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.V.B.R5Uncoordinated flight.

Skills

• PA.V.B.S1Clear the area.
• PA.V.B.S2Select a suitable ground reference area, line, or point as appropriate.
• PA.V.B.S3Plan the maneuver:
• PA.V.B.S3aa. Rectangular course: enter a left or right pattern, 600 to 1,000 feet above ground level (AGL) at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area, 45° to the downwind leg
• PA.V.B.S3bb. S-turns: enter perpendicular to the selected reference line, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area
• PA.V.B.S3cc. Turns around a point: enter at an appropriate distance from the reference point, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area
• PA.V.B.S4Apply adequate wind-drift correction during straight and turning flight to maintain a constant ground track around a rectangular reference area, or to maintain a constant radius turn on each side of a selected reference line or point.
• PA.V.B.S5If performing S-Turns, reverse the turn directly over the selected reference line; if performing turns around a point, complete turns in either direction, as specified by the evaluator.
• PA.V.B.S6Divide attention between airplane control, traffic avoidance and the ground track while maintaining coordinated flight.
• PA.V.B.S7Maintain altitude ±100 feet; maintain airspeed ±10 knots.

Knowledge

• PA.VI.A.K1Pilotage and dead reckoning.
• PA.VI.A.K2Magnetic compass errors.
• PA.VI.A.K3Topography.
• PA.VI.A.K4Selection of appropriate:
• PA.VI.A.K4aa. Route
• PA.VI.A.K4bb. Altitude(s)
• PA.VI.A.K4cc. Checkpoints
• PA.VI.A.K5Plotting a course, including:
• PA.VI.A.K5aa. Determining heading, speed, and course
• PA.VI.A.K5bb. Wind correction angle
• PA.VI.A.K5cc. Estimating time, speed, and distance
• PA.VI.A.K5dd. True airspeed and density altitude
• PA.VI.A.K6Power setting selection.
• PA.VI.A.K7Planned calculations versus actual results and required corrections.

Risk management

• PA.VI.A.R1Collision hazards.
• PA.VI.A.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.VI.A.R3Unplanned fuel/power consumption, if applicable.

Skills

• PA.VI.A.S1Prepare and use a flight log.
• PA.VI.A.S2Navigate by pilotage.
• PA.VI.A.S3Navigate by means of pre-computed headings, groundspeeds, elapsed time, and reference to landmarks or checkpoints.
• PA.VI.A.S4Use the magnetic direction indicator in navigation, including turns to headings.
• PA.VI.A.S5Verify position within three nautical miles of the flight-planned route.
• PA.VI.A.S6Arrive at the en route checkpoints within five minutes of the initial or revised estimated time of arrival (ETA) and provide a destination estimate.
• PA.VI.A.S7Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.

Knowledge

• PA.VI.B.K1Ground-based navigation (identification, orientation, course determination, equipment, tests, regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, and signal integrity).
• PA.VI.B.K2Satellite-based navigation (e.g., equipment, regulations, authorized use of databases, and Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)).
• PA.VI.B.K3Radar assistance to visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft (e.g., operations, equipment, available services, traffic advisories).
• PA.VI.B.K4Transponder (Mode(s) A, C, and S) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B).

Risk management

• PA.VI.B.R1Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.
• PA.VI.B.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.VI.B.R3Limitations of the navigation system in use.
• PA.VI.B.R4Loss of a navigation signal.
• PA.VI.B.R5Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.

Skills

• PA.VI.B.S1Use an airborne electronic navigation system.
• PA.VI.B.S2Determine the airplane’s position using the navigation system.
• PA.VI.B.S3Intercept and track a given course, radial, or bearing.
• PA.VI.B.S4Recognize and describe the indication of station or waypoint passage.
• PA.VI.B.S5Recognize signal loss or interference and take appropriate action, if applicable.
• PA.VI.B.S6Use proper communication procedures when utilizing radar services.
• PA.VI.B.S7Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.

Knowledge

• PA.VI.C.K1Selecting an alternate destination.
• PA.VI.C.K2Situations that require deviations from flight plan or air traffic control (ATC) instructions.

Risk management

• PA.VI.C.R1Collision hazards.
• PA.VI.C.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.VI.C.R3Circumstances that would make diversion prudent.
• PA.VI.C.R4Selecting an appropriate airport or seaplane base.
• PA.VI.C.R5Using available resources (e.g., automation, ATC, and flight deck planning aids).

Skills

• PA.VI.C.S1Select a suitable destination and route for diversion.
• PA.VI.C.S2Make a reasonable estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time, and fuel required to the “divert to” destination.
• PA.VI.C.S3Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.
• PA.VI.C.S4Update/interpret weather in flight.
• PA.VI.C.S5Use displays of digital weather and aeronautical information, as applicable to maintain situational awareness.
• PA.VI.C.S6Promptly divert toward the destination.

Knowledge

• PA.VI.D.K1Methods to determine position.
• PA.VI.D.K2Assistance available if lost (e.g., radar services, communication procedures).

Risk management

• PA.VI.D.R1Collision hazards.
• PA.VI.D.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.VI.D.R3Recording times over waypoints.
• PA.VI.D.R4When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.

Skills

• PA.VI.D.S1Use an appropriate method to determine position.
• PA.VI.D.S2Maintain an appropriate heading and climb as necessary.
• PA.VI.D.S3Identify prominent landmarks.
• PA.VI.D.S4Use navigation systems/facilities or contact an ATC facility for assistance.
• PA.VI.D.S5Select an appropriate course of action.

Knowledge

• PA.VII.A.K1Aerodynamics associated with slow flight in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.

Risk management

• PA.VII.A.R1Inadvertent slow flight and flight with a stall warning, which could lead to loss of control.
• PA.VII.A.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
• PA.VII.A.R3Uncoordinated flight.
• PA.VII.A.R4Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).
• PA.VII.A.R5Collision hazards.
• PA.VII.A.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Skills

• PA.VII.A.S1Clear the area.
• PA.VII.A.S2Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL) (ASEL, ASES) or 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES).
• PA.VII.A.S3Establish and maintain an airspeed at which any further increase in angle of attack, increase in load factor, or reduction in power, would result in a stall warning (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
• PA.VII.A.S4Accomplish coordinated straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents with the aircraft configured as specified by the evaluator without a stall warning (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
• PA.VII.A.S5Maintain the specified altitude, ±100 feet; specified heading, ±10°; airspeed, +10/-0 knots; and specified angle of bank, ±10°.

Knowledge

• PA.VII.B.K1Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.
• PA.VII.B.K2Stall characteristics as they relate to airplane design, and recognition impending stall and full stall indications using sight, sound, or feel.
• PA.VII.B.K3Factors and situations that can lead to a power-off stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it.
• PA.VII.B.K4Fundamentals of stall recovery.

Risk management

• PA.VII.B.R1Factors and situations that could lead to an inadvertent power-off stall, spin, and loss of control.
• PA.VII.B.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
• PA.VII.B.R3Stall warning(s) during normal operations.
• PA.VII.B.R4Stall recovery procedure.
• PA.VII.B.R5Secondary stalls, accelerated stalls, and cross-control stalls.
• PA.VII.B.R6Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to power-off stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).
• PA.VII.B.R7Collision hazards.
• PA.VII.B.R8Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Skills

• PA.VII.B.S1Clear the area.
• PA.VII.B.S2Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL) (ASEL, ASES) or 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES).
• PA.VII.B.S3Configure the airplane in the approach or landing configuration, as specified by the evaluator, and maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver.
• PA.VII.B.S4Establish a stabilized descent.
• PA.VII.B.S5Transition smoothly from the approach or landing attitude to a pitch attitude that induces a stall.
• PA.VII.B.S6Maintain a specified heading ±10° if in straight flight; maintain a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±10° if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.
• PA.VII.B.S7Acknowledge cues of the impending stall and then recover promptly after a full stall occurs.
• PA.VII.B.S8Execute a stall recovery in accordance with procedures set forth in the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH) or Airplane Flight Manual (AFM).
• PA.VII.B.S9Configure the airplane as recommended by the manufacturer, and accelerate to best angle of climb speed (VX) or best rate of climb speed (VY).
• PA.VII.B.S10Return to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the evaluator.
• PA.VII.B.S11Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

Knowledge

• PA.VII.C.K1Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.
• PA.VII.C.K2Stall characteristics as they relate to airplane design, and recognition impending stall and full stall indications using sight, sound, or feel.
• PA.VII.C.K3Factors and situations that can lead to a power-on stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it.
• PA.VII.C.K4Fundamentals of stall recovery.

Risk management

• PA.VII.C.R1Factors and situations that could lead to an inadvertent power-on stall, spin, and loss of control.
• PA.VII.C.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
• PA.VII.C.R3Stall warning(s) during normal operations.
• PA.VII.C.R4Stall recovery procedure.
• PA.VII.C.R5Secondary stalls, accelerated stalls, elevator trim stalls, and cross-control stalls.
• PA.VII.C.R6Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to power-on stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).
• PA.VII.C.R7Collision hazards.
• PA.VII.C.R8Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Skills

• PA.VII.C.S1Clear the area.
• PA.VII.C.S2Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL) (ASEL, ASES) or 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES).
• PA.VII.C.S3Establish the takeoff, departure, or cruise configuration, as specified by the evaluator, and maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver.
• PA.VII.C.S4Set power (as assigned by the evaluator) to no less than 65 percent power.
• PA.VII.C.S5Transition smoothly from the takeoff or departure attitude to the pitch attitude that induces a stall.
• PA.VII.C.S6Maintain a specified heading, ±10° if in straight flight; maintain a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±10° if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.
• PA.VII.C.S7Acknowledge cues of the impending stall and then recover promptly after a full stall occurs.
• PA.VII.C.S8Execute a stall recovery in accordance with procedures set forth in the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)/Flight Manual (FM).
• PA.VII.C.S9Configure the airplane as recommended by the manufacturer, and accelerate to best angle of climb speed (VX) or best rate of climb speed (VY).
• PA.VII.C.S10Return to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the evaluator.
• PA.VII.C.S11Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

Knowledge

• PA.VII.D.K1Aerodynamics associated with spins in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.
• PA.VII.D.K2What causes a spin and how to identify the entry, incipient, and developed phases of a spin.
• PA.VII.D.K3Spin recovery procedure.

Risk management

• PA.VII.D.R1Factors and situations that could lead to inadvertent spin and loss of control.
• PA.VII.D.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
• PA.VII.D.R3Spin recovery procedure.
• PA.VII.D.R4Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to spins (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).
• PA.VII.D.R5Collision hazards.
• PA.VII.D.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Knowledge

• PA.VIII.A.K1Flight instruments as they relate to:
• PA.VIII.A.K1aa. Instrument limitations and potential errors
• PA.VIII.A.K1bb. Indication of the aircraft attitude
• PA.VIII.A.K1cc. Function and operation
• PA.VIII.A.K1dd. Proper instrument cross-check techniques

Risk management

• PA.VIII.A.R1Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.
• PA.VIII.A.R2When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
• PA.VIII.A.R3Collision hazards.
• PA.VIII.A.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.VIII.A.R5Fixation and omission.
• PA.VIII.A.R6Instrument Interpretation.
• PA.VIII.A.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.
• PA.VIII.A.R8Trimming the aircraft.

Skills

• PA.VIII.A.S1Maintain straight-and-level flight using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.
• PA.VIII.A.S2Maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots.

Knowledge

• PA.VIII.B.K1Flight instruments as they relate to:
• PA.VIII.B.K1aa. Instrument limitations and potential errors
• PA.VIII.B.K1bb. Indication of the aircraft attitude
• PA.VIII.B.K1cc. Function and operation
• PA.VIII.B.K1dd. Proper instrument cross-check techniques

Risk management

• PA.VIII.B.R1Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.
• PA.VIII.B.R2When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
• PA.VIII.B.R3Collision hazards.
• PA.VIII.B.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.VIII.B.R5Fixation and omission.
• PA.VIII.B.R6Instrument Interpretation.
• PA.VIII.B.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.
• PA.VIII.B.R8Trimming the aircraft.

Skills

• PA.VIII.B.S1Transition to the climb pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated flight control application.
• PA.VIII.B.S2Climb at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight and turns.
• PA.VIII.B.S3Level off at the assigned altitude and maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots.

Knowledge

• PA.VIII.C.K1Flight instruments as they relate to:
• PA.VIII.C.K1aa. Instrument limitations and potential errors
• PA.VIII.C.K1bb. Indication of the aircraft attitude
• PA.VIII.C.K1cc. Function and operation
• PA.VIII.C.K1dd. Proper instrument cross-check techniques

Risk management

• PA.VIII.C.R1Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.
• PA.VIII.C.R2When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
• PA.VIII.C.R3Collision hazards.
• PA.VIII.C.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.VIII.C.R5Fixation and omission.
• PA.VIII.C.R6Instrument Interpretation.
• PA.VIII.C.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.
• PA.VIII.C.R8Trimming the aircraft.

Skills

• PA.VIII.C.S1Transition to the descent pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated flight control application.
• PA.VIII.C.S2Descend at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight and turns.
• PA.VIII.C.S3Level off at the assigned altitude and maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots.

Knowledge

• PA.VIII.D.K1Flight instruments as they relate to:
• PA.VIII.D.K1aa. Instrument limitations and potential errors
• PA.VIII.D.K1bb. Indication of the aircraft attitude
• PA.VIII.D.K1cc. Function and operation
• PA.VIII.D.K1dd. Proper instrument cross-check techniques

Risk management

• PA.VIII.D.R1Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.
• PA.VIII.D.R2When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
• PA.VIII.D.R3Collision hazards.
• PA.VIII.D.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.VIII.D.R5Fixation and omission.
• PA.VIII.D.R6Instrument Interpretation.
• PA.VIII.D.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.
• PA.VIII.D.R8Trimming the aircraft.

Skills

• PA.VIII.D.S1Turn to headings, maintain altitude ±200 feet, maintain a standard rate turn, roll out on the assigned heading ±10°, and maintain airspeed ±10 knots.

Knowledge

• PA.VIII.E.K1Prevention of unusual attitudes, including flight causal, physiological, and environmental factors, and system and equipment failures.
• PA.VIII.E.K1aa. [Archived]
• PA.VIII.E.K1bb. [Archived]
• PA.VIII.E.K1cc. [Archived]
• PA.VIII.E.K1dd. [Archived]
• PA.VIII.E.K2Procedures for recovery from unusual attitudes in flight.
• PA.VIII.E.K3Procedures available to safely regain visual meteorological conditions (VMC) after flight into inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions or unintended instrument meteorological conditions (IIMC)/(UIMC).
• PA.VIII.E.K4Appropriate use of automation, if applicable.

Risk management

• PA.VIII.E.R1Situations that could lead to loss of control in-flight (LOC-I) or unusual attitudes in-flight (e.g., stress, task saturation, inadequate instrument scan distractions, and spatial disorientation).
• PA.VIII.E.R2[Archived]
• PA.VIII.E.R3Collision hazards.
• PA.VIII.E.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.VIII.E.R5Interpreting flight instruments.
• PA.VIII.E.R6[Archived]
• PA.VIII.E.R7Operating envelope considerations.
• PA.VIII.E.R8Control input errors, inducing undesired aircraft attitudes.
• PA.VIII.E.R9Assessment of the unusual attitude.
• PA.VIII.E.R10Control application solely by reference to instruments.

Skills

• PA.VIII.E.S1Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation to identify an unusual attitude (including both nose-high and nose-low) in flight, and apply the appropriate flight control, power input, and aircraft configuration in the correct sequence, to return to a stabilized level flight attitude.
• PA.VIII.E.S2Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

Knowledge

• PA.VIII.F.K1Operating communications equipment, including identifying and selecting radio frequencies, requesting and following air traffic control (ATC) instructions.
• PA.VIII.F.K2Operating navigation equipment, including functions and displays, and following bearings, radials, or courses.
• PA.VIII.F.K3Air traffic control facilities and services.

Risk management

• PA.VIII.F.R1When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
• PA.VIII.F.R2Using available resources (e.g., automation, ATC, and flight deck planning aids).

Skills

• PA.VIII.F.S1Maintain airplane control while selecting proper communications frequencies, identifying the appropriate facility, and managing navigation equipment.
• PA.VIII.F.S2Comply with ATC instructions.
• PA.VIII.F.S3[Archived]

Knowledge

• PA.IX.A.K1Situations that would require an emergency descent (e.g., depressurization, smoke, or engine fire).
• PA.IX.A.K2Immediate action items and emergency procedures.
• PA.IX.A.K3Airspeed, including airspeed limitations.
• PA.IX.A.K4Aircraft performance and limitations.

Risk management

• PA.IX.A.R1Altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, gliding distance, and available landing distance considerations.
• PA.IX.A.R2Collision hazards.
• PA.IX.A.R3Configuring the airplane.
• PA.IX.A.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Skills

• PA.IX.A.S1Clear the area.
• PA.IX.A.S2Establish and maintain the appropriate airspeed and configuration appropriate to the scenario specified by the evaluator and as covered in Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)/Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) for the emergency descent.
• PA.IX.A.S3Maintain orientation, divide attention appropriately, and plan and execute a smooth recovery.
• PA.IX.A.S4Use bank angle between 30° and 45° to maintain positive load factors during the descent.
• PA.IX.A.S5Maintain appropriate airspeed +0/-10 knots, and level off at a specified altitude ±100 feet.
• PA.IX.A.S6Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
• PA.IX.A.S7Make radio calls as appropriate.
• PA.IX.A.S8Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

Knowledge

• PA.IX.B.K1Immediate action items and emergency procedures.
• PA.IX.B.K2Airspeed, including:
• PA.IX.B.K2aa. Importance of best glide speed and its relationship to distance
• PA.IX.B.K2bb. Difference between best glide speed and minimum sink speed
• PA.IX.B.K2cc. Effects of wind on glide distance
• PA.IX.B.K3Effects of atmospheric conditions on emergency approach and landing.
• PA.IX.B.K4A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
• PA.IX.B.K5Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) and other emergency locating devices.
• PA.IX.B.K6Air traffic control (ATC) services to aircraft in distress.

Risk management

• PA.IX.B.R1Altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, gliding distance, and available landing distance considerations.
• PA.IX.B.R2Following or changing the planned flightpath to the selected landing area.
• PA.IX.B.R3Collision hazards.
• PA.IX.B.R4Configuring the airplane.
• PA.IX.B.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
• PA.IX.B.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Skills

• PA.IX.B.S1Establish and maintain the recommended best glide airspeed, ±10 knots.
• PA.IX.B.S2Configure the airplane in accordance with the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)\Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) and existing conditions.
• PA.IX.B.S3Select a suitable landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, and available glide distance.
• PA.IX.B.S4Plan and follow a flightpath to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.
• PA.IX.B.S5Prepare for landing as specified by the evaluator.
• PA.IX.B.S6Complete the appropriate checklist(s).

Knowledge

• PA.IX.C.K1Causes of partial or complete power loss related to the specific type of powerplant(s).
• PA.IX.C.K1aa. [Archived]
• PA.IX.C.K1bb. [Archived]
• PA.IX.C.K1cc. [Archived]
• PA.IX.C.K1dd. [Archived]
• PA.IX.C.K2System and equipment malfunctions specific to the aircraft, including:
• PA.IX.C.K2aa. Electrical malfunction
• PA.IX.C.K2bb. Vacuum/pressure and associated flight instrument malfunctions
• PA.IX.C.K2cc. Pitot-static system malfunction
• PA.IX.C.K2dd. Electronic flight deck display malfunction
• PA.IX.C.K2ee. Landing gear or flap malfunction
• PA.IX.C.K2ff. Inoperative trim
• PA.IX.C.K3Causes and remedies for smoke or fire onboard the aircraft.
• PA.IX.C.K4Any other system specific to the aircraft (e.g., supplemental oxygen, deicing).
• PA.IX.C.K5Inadvertent door or window opening.

Risk management

• PA.IX.C.R1Checklist usage for a system or equipment malfunction.
• PA.IX.C.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.IX.C.R3Undesired aircraft state.
• PA.IX.C.R4Startle response.

Skills

• PA.IX.C.S1Determine appropriate action for simulated emergencies specified by the evaluator, from at least three of the elements or sub-elements listed in K1 through K5.
• PA.IX.C.S2Complete the appropriate checklist(s).

Knowledge

• PA.IX.D.K1Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) operations, limitations, and testing requirements.
• PA.IX.D.K2Fire extinguisher operations and limitations.
• PA.IX.D.K3Emergency equipment and survival gear needed for:
• PA.IX.D.K3aa. Climate extremes (hot/cold)
• PA.IX.D.K3bb. Mountainous terrain
• PA.IX.D.K3cc. Overwater operations
• PA.IX.D.K4When to deploy a ballistic parachute and associated passenger briefings, if equipped.
• PA.IX.D.K5When to activate an emergency auto-land system and brief passengers, if equipped.

Risk management

• PA.IX.D.R1Survival gear (water, clothing, shelter) for 48 to 72 hours.
• PA.IX.D.R2Use of a ballistic parachute system.
• PA.IX.D.R3Use of an emergency auto-land system, if installed.

Skills

• PA.IX.D.S1Identify appropriate equipment and personal gear.
• PA.IX.D.S2Brief passengers on proper use of on-board emergency equipment and survival gear.
• PA.IX.D.S3Simulate ballistic parachute deployment procedures, if equipped.

Knowledge

• PA.XI.A.K1Physiological aspects of vision related to night flying.
• PA.XI.A.K2Lighting systems identifying airports, runways, taxiways and obstructions, as well as pilot controlled lighting.
• PA.XI.A.K3Airplane equipment and lighting requirements for night operations.
• PA.XI.A.K4Personal equipment essential for night flight.
• PA.XI.A.K5Night orientation, navigation, chart reading techniques and methods for maintaining night vision effectiveness.
• PA.XI.A.K6Night taxi operations.
• PA.XI.A.K7Interpretation of traffic position and direction based solely on position lights.
• PA.XI.A.K8Visual illusions at night.

Risk management

• PA.XI.A.R1Collision hazards.
• PA.XI.A.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
• PA.XI.A.R3Effect of visual illusions and night adaptation during all phases of night flying.
• PA.XI.A.R4Runway incursion.
• PA.XI.A.R5Night currency versus proficiency.
• PA.XI.A.R6Weather considerations specific to night operations.
• PA.XI.A.R7Inoperative equipment.